feedback amps Xo/Xs = A/(1+AB) B = R1/(R1+R2) Af = 20 log(1+AB) in the example, Af = 8000/(1+8000/10.01) = 9.9975V % diff: (10-Af)/10 = 0.02% gain stabilization Af = A/(1+AB) dAf/dA = 1/((1+AB)^2) dAf/Af = (dA/A)/((1+AB)^2) recall general freq response for amp is a bandpass Am = midband gain Af = Am/(1+BAm+s/wh) you end up trading higher midband gain for bandwidth when using feedback networks if you need to bump gain and network, you need to pay for more beta(B) noise reduction Vo = A1(Vs+Vn) put A1 in a feedback network with a low noise preamp 2 primary props of a preamp: low noise, A2 (the preamp) must be operating small signal equations end up being: Va2 = Vs - BVo V1 = V2+Vn Vo = A1A2Vs/(1+BA1A2) + A1Vn/(1+BA1A2) SNR = A2Vs/Vn all noise assumed to be lumped into Vn source no matter the source of the noise, good working assumption preamp is designed to op under small signal conditions examples: MC14753 cmos opamp, input voltage noise: 200nV/sqrt(hz) LT1115 BJT ultra low noise opamp input voltage noise: 1.2nV/sqrt(hz) A2=100V/V B=1 improve by 40dB section 8.3, types of feedback topologies type name input output error amp name feedback network units a series/shunt voltage voltage voltage voltage gain dimensionless b shunt/shunt current voltage current x-resistance ohms c series/series voltage current voltage x-conductance siemens d shunt/series current current current current gain dimensionless when dealing with new stuff, it's a mixed mode analog/digital world operating together