simple pendulum differential eqn of motion theta'' + g/l * sin(theta) = 0 l is const, g is gravity if theta < 14 deg, sin(theta) ~~ theta -> theta''+g/l*theta = 0 -> w = sqrt(g/l), f=w/2pi problems to overcome: getting osc started keeping it at a specific freq sustained oscillation achieve predictable amp of osc w/o distortion looking at colpitts mosfet osc, 2 caps and 1 inductor, inductor across GD, caps otherwise, load resistor it's a positive feedback network tacked onto an amp math: describing functions non-linear dynamics have to set q point with DC bias circuitry kinetic energy in inductor: Lii/2 kinetic energy in capacitor: CVV/2 research going into microminiature inductors as spiral and square spiral inductors must be careful not to dip into triode or cutoff because it causes clipping small sig equiv circuit: lots of fun equations simplify to: Vo(sC1 + 1/R' + 1/Ls) + Vgs(gm-1/Ls) = 0 Vgs = Vo/(1+LC2ss) combine for: Vo(gm+sC2 + (1+ssLC2)(1/R'+sC1)) = 0 Vo != 0 to start osc set rest to 0 -> sssLC1C2 + LC2ss/R + (C1+C2)s + (gm+1/R') = 0 replace s with jw rework to get w = sqrt((C1+C2)/LC1C2) generally, gmR' >= C2/C1 want to restrict resonance as much as possible figure of merit, Q=energy consumed/(power dissipated per cycle * 2pi) = wL/R' (shows width of curve in freq domain) derive osc freq for hartley osc, also condition to set osc