prehistory to beginnings
australopithecus - only 10 or so examples
lucy - found in olduvai gorge in africa
homo erectus
homo heidelbergensis
homo neaderthalensis
homo sapiens
we are social animals, so we try to make connections, many times via history (personal or otherwise)
history is part of our lives
we are citizens vs subjects
our duty to be educated in the past so we don't make the same mistakes

2 ways to classify ancient man
paleolithic period - 2mil to 12000 years ago, earliest chipped stone tools
mesolithic period - 10K to 6K - change in nature of settlements
neolithic period - 8.3K to 3K agriculture
stone age 2mil-3K BC
bronze age smelging of copper, tin, bronze 3K BC in near east later elsewhere ends 1.1K BC
some other age...
australopithecus 4mil-2.75mil ago
habilis 2.2-1.6mil ago
erectus 1.8-1mil ago
sapiens neanderthalensis 250K-30K ago

paleolithic
neanderthal
	not hairy, stupid, brutish
	250K-30K ago
	language
	stone tools, fire
	cared for sick and elderly
	little migration
	beaten out by modern man 30K years ago
	arguments that neanderthal and cromagnon combined to create modern man

homo sapiens sapiens (cro magnon)
	35K-10K years ago
	strategic thinker
	migratory hunter/gatherer
	created first calendar 15K years ago
	may have been responsible for neanderthal's extiction
	had time to think about environment, and so began creatively
	domestication of animals
	specialization
	technology (7K-6K BC)

4 elements of a civilization
	economic provision
	political organization
	moral traditions
	pursuit of knowledge and the arts
	leads to
		larger more advanced settle.ents
		specialization of labor, religion, and government
		safety in numbers
		formulation of villages and cities

first cities
	jericho, 8K BC
	catal huyuk, 6K BC
	
first evidence of warfare: 12K to 4.5K BC
fertile crescent containing mesopotamia(land between the rivers), where most early civilizations were located
lots of water and land
sumerians(3.5K-2.34K BC)
sargon's empire(2.34K-2.1K BC) aka akkadians
third dynasty of Ur(2112-2K BC)
reign of hammurabi(1792-1750 BC)
invasion by kassites(1550BC)
ammorites

sumer pops up
babylon a little later


the first government
social structure
	priests(religion)kings(military)
	merchants/farmers
	slaves
	
	council of elders/kings
		collected taxes
		rituals/kept calendars
		surveyed
		distributed crops
		military
		build walls, irrigation dikes, palaces, temples
	not a rational society
	rationalism - 
	religion
		anthropomorphic
		polytheistic
		shadowy afterlife
		nippur - god Enlil
		babylon - marduk (marduke)
		from enuma elish - Ea (watery home of apsu)
		built ziggurats (large temples)
		epic of gilgamesh, 1/3 human, 2/3 god, based on king of Ur, heroism, adventure, deceit, treachery - gods fight a lot, story of the flood (utnapishtim is noah), nature of humanness, divinity, dark afterlife
	mathematics/calendar
		12 months
		lunar cycle
		leap month
		24 hours in a day, 60 mins, 60 seconds, knew about squares, cubes, roots, reciprocals, exponentials, logarithms, pi, trig
	writing
		initially pictographs
		changed to cuneform
	sargon, agade(akkad) - akkadian
		cradle of reeds
		united fertile crescent
		bronze weapons
		conquered syria, sumera
		built roads
		installed governors
		library of tables
		postal service
		son defeated by gutians
	hammurabi
		reconquered sargon's empire
		centered on babylon
		code of hammurabi - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
		kassites conquered his son (more endoeuropeans, very mobile)