greek legacy - alexandria the mouseion/library - university eratosthenes 276-194BC - great thinker archimedes of syrcuse 287-212BC Euclid 325-265BC - the elements, euclidean geometry claudius ptolemy 85-165AD - almagest, geography, astronomer, mathematician lighthouse of alexandria etruscans highly civilized 9th-6th century BC mysterious dominated northern italy even ruled rome for a while brought urbanization roman republic 509-27BC romulus and remus 753BC monarchy 753-509BC etruscan legacy dress govt warfare urbanization social order patricians (noble, aristocrat) plebeians aka plebe (lower-middle class) slaves govt executive 2 consuls elected by senate, ruled jointly, usually generals, usually patricians praetors - helped with administration and acted as judges aediles - also helped with admin, mostly dealt with plebeians, public works projects, very popular, entertainment censors - helped with treasury, fund raising, taxes, take census, collected prizes from conquests dictator - only occurs in times of sever emergency, appointed from consuls, 1-2 years, step down voluntarily pontifex maximus - lead priest of roman religion in capital (pontiff is the pope) aristocratic - patricians (26 families) senate - around 300, met in curia, in for life aristocracy democratic centuriate assembly - plebeian assembly, started in 471BC - tribunes as reps for plebeians plebeian progress tribunes (10) 494BC - plebians reps plebeian assembly in 471BC twelve tables in 450BC (roman law code) intermarriage (between plebeians and patricians, illegal before) in 445BC consulship opened in 367BC religious offices opened in 300BC lex hortensia in 287BC, laws passed by plebeian assembly were solid law, not really contested conquest of italy gauls sacked rome in 387BC defeated latium in 338BC defeated samnites/apennines in 290BC defeated pyrrhus/greeks 267BC roman foreign policy citizenship municipality allies first punic war 264-241BC come in contact with carthaginian empire many naval battles, land battles on sicily conquered sicily and defeated carthage 2nd punic war 218-201BC carthage moved to spain hannibal invaded italy over alps 218BC trebia 217BC trasimene 216BC cannae - utter disaster for rome hannibal spent 9 years in italy causing incredible desctruction never able to take rome itself never lost a battle in italy for all intents and purposes, rome was defeated, but the senate and people never gave up scipio africanus showed rome how to defeat hannibal took spain in 206BC and crossed into africa carthage recalled hannibal, returned voluntarily scipio reformed the legions of rome to make them more flexible battle of zama in 202BC - hannibal defeated - fled the field and went to asia minor where he was tracked down hannibal committed suicide 3rd punic war 149-146BC carthage destroyed, rebuilt carthage and surrounding area became a major source of food for rome rome controlled north africa and became major power of the mediterranean basin roman flexibility, learned from mistakes to conquer anything, accepted new ideas, adapted wars against macedon, concurrent with punic wars punic wars caused urbanization senate dominated by nobiles - optimates (anti-plebe) vs populares (pro-plebe) soldiers went to war and left land to care of wives/children, most farms failed and bought by nobiles who worked it with slaves homes gone with soldiers returned, could no longer serve in army, because they had no land resulted in massive estates aka latifundia rome heavily populated tiberius 163-133BC and gaius gracchus grandsons of scipio africanus disturbed by dominance of optimates and land crisis in rome/italy tiberius elected tribune of the people in 133BC lex sempronia agraria would reorganize public roman lands for distro to soldiers and families limited how much land each family could have, 310 acres max also gave ~18 acres to poor and homeless who currently crowded rome tiberius assassinated by senators in 133BC gaius committed suicide in 121BC, had tried more far-reaching reforms civil war marius 157-86BC military reform war hero created new army, cohorts admitted anyone paid soldiers relentless drill suppressed people's revolt and retired italian provinces revolted over lack of citizenship marius and sulla combined to suppress it, 300K killed and central italy devastated in 89BC, citizenship granted and revolt ended lucius cornelius sulla 138-78BC nobiles ended italian rebellion 90-88BC elected consul 88BC rivalry erupted between sulla and marius sulla chosen to quell revolt of mithridates of pontus in greece - took command of 7 legions and instead of leaving for greece, marched on rome successfully defended interests of the nobiles marius' gladiatorial force was no match for sulla, fled to africa octavius and cinna, consuls left in charge of rome sulla left for greece to fight mithridates, won ensuring roman rule in greece marius returned, marched on rome and joined cinna, ousted octavius and kills many of sulla's supporters senate placed marius in charge of easter revolt in greece and exiled sulla marius and cinna elected consuls marius died at 71 sull returned in 83BC, marched on rome, purged supporters of marius and cinna gaius julius caesar, marius supporter, nephew to marius' wife and married to cinna's daughter, spared by sulla during purge sulla distroed land to 12K veterans, eliminated dole of corn, limited power of tribunes, enhanced power of senate and aristocracy retired in 80BC, putting power aside, write commentaries, lots of fun died in 78 from ulcer of colon struggle between optimates and populares continued anyone lacking ancestral claims to privelege or office was called novus homo crassus created fire brigade landowner, landlord, owned mines had fortune 25mil, as much as treasury consul in 70 and 55BC spartacus 73-71BC gladiator and slave, escaped from capua gladiatorial school with 77 others 70K joined roamed italy, defeated several legions marched north toward alps, then toward rome crassus volunteered to quell rebellion spartacus moved south to try to flee to africa pompey's legions returning from spain joined crassus, surrounded spartacus and destroyed him and soldiers in 71BC roman revolution 133-27BC pompey and crassus returned form victory over spartacus and failed to disband legions once they arrived at rome encamped outside walls, asked senate to stand for consulate without entering city and pompey demanded land for toops senate refused, elected consuls in 70BC anyway passed law giving power back to tribunes, appeased populares pompey fought pirates of cilicia roman empire 27BC-410AD eperator (means authority)