i got a 60 on the history test...that should mesh nicely with the 100 i got on a maps test
problems with power struggles
lost lands forced families into the cities
idle, poor people
cicero had been secretly supporting the two who killed caesar (brutus and cassius)
octavian hunted them down and killed them
antony fell in love with cleopatra, spent much time with her in egypt and neglected his family
octavian spread propaganda about antony
octavian returned to rome in 29BC
commander imperator
princips - first citizen
consul
refashioned senate
27BC - 7th consul term
bogus withdrawal from power
made more powerful
still princips
given title Augustus (means revered one)
25BC - voted to be tribune for life
made proconsul for life afterward
plebeian assemblies vanished
bread and games continued, kept them fed and dependent
became the first emperor
always emphasized public
became son of the divine
was unthinkable when he came into power, common thought when he died
social structure:
	nobiles
	equestrian
	lower classes/slaves

mount vesuvius reupted in 79AD, covering pompeii and nearby herculaneum with ash and rock
wealth and luxury, roman baths
central part of roman culture introduced throughout the territories they conquered
engineering and aqueducts
11 aqueducts, built over 500 years, most underground, 29 miles above ground
300gallons per day
golden age of roman lit
horace 65-8BC
virgil 70-19BC
livy 59BC-17AD
seneca 4BC-65AD
tacitus 56-120
philosophy
	stoicism
		brotherhood of man, virtue, honor, marcus aurelius, seneca
	epicureanism
		highest good is happiness found in pleasure, gain pleasure/avoid pain, prudence, cardinal virture is moderation
	neoplatonism
		dualistic, ideal vs real

religion
	anthropomorphic
	polytheistic
	permeated
	highly ritualistic
	vestal virgins

after augustus, julio-claudians:
	tiberius 27BC-14AD
	gaius caligula - one of the craziest, killed all those who threatened him
	nero - killed own mother, forced seneca to commit suicide, bankrupted treasury, persecuted christians
	galba
	otho and vitellius
flavians
	vespasian - took throne by force after nero's death, political stability, prosperity, started construction of colosseum, first since augustus to die of natural causes
	titus
	domitian

good emperors end with marcus areulius
	trajan - man of tolerance and courtesy, balanced mind, soldier, took dacia, took arabia, fought partian empire, restored rome's old spirit
	hadrian - built pantheon, traveler, stabilized local govts, arts patron, beautified cities
	marcus aurelius - stoic, sent ambassadors to han court of china, army exposed to smallpox or measles in parthia, great pestilence lasted 15 years,killed 25-33% of pop of entire roman empire, germanic peoples pushing
		commodus, his son took over and was killed by his own soldiers
roman empire could never author a stable succession plan