end or rome, beginning of middle ages, pagan rome to christian rome by 499, old rome gone german church takes over rome has pop of 200K - 300K by 500 ambrose, governor of milan, made bishop in 374 emperor gratian removed the pagan statues emperor theodosius 379-395 made rome christian clergy immune to imperial law ecclestiastical courts - cannon law (church law) christian ethics in law code paganism punishable by death outlawed gladiatorial games thessalonican jews massacred - jews there decided to rebel, made example of ambrose forced emperor to repent for massacre of jews beginning of temporal (lay) authority vs spiritual authority christianity has an egalitarian nature (based on equality) women flocked because equality, men reluctant because of same st jerome 345-420 latin vulgate bible use classical education to present christianity applied pagan teachings to christianity to spread it pope gelasius 492-496 papas (father) - bishop of rome spiritual and temporal, spiritual greater gelasian dualism st augustine of hippo 354-430 most influential wrote books: confessions, the city of god 413 neoplatonic thought, duality, real vs ideal, heaven/jerusalem vs babylon/rome rome sacked in 410, argued that it was because god no longer needed it because christianity had been spread eusebius 263-340 bishop historian baptized constantine railed agains pagans wrote "life of constantine" christian religion, greek philosophy, allowed christianity to spread leo I the great, bishop of rome 440-461 petrine theory - theory of peter, 1st bishop of rome, took scripture to mean that peter was above the other disciples defender of rome council of chalcedon 451 - lots meet to discuss how to make church more codified, organized, homogeneous, nature of bishops in mediterranean two natures leo claimed he was the BEST bishop they rejected it and claimed rome == constantinople (roma nova) talked atilla the hun out of attacking rome by 500, church had supplanted power of rome spread of christianity conversion: people did it because it was a fad or because their leader did it clovis 482-511 king to franks seine river to switzerland his conversion was a victory for the church merovingian monarchy 2 christian instutions made church formation and spread possible monasticism, 2 types anchoritic - individual sheds all belongings, goes to serve alone, eat little, self punishment st simeon stylites 459 cenobitic communal benedict of nursia 480-547 (benedictine monasticism) started as anchorite, found it selfish monte cassino 529, benedict's first monastery wrote rule of monasticism: poverty, chastity and obedience opus dei - work of god scriptorium teachers, writers, archivists, copiers, scribes, scientists, historians, farmers, builders, leaders, 37000 monastaries benedict's sister, st cholastica, became the first nun the papacy eastern roman empire byzantine empire justinian 527-565 emperor at constantinople devout catholic one state, one church, one law invaded northern africa june 533 invaded italy 536 - remained in southern italy and sicily took rome dec 536 ostrogoths vs byzantines 536-554 corpus juris civilis 529-533, justinian code, christianized roman law code, adpoted by france -> louisiana, other states follow common law of britain built hagia (pron. haya) sophia - largest domed structure for nine centuries, previously the roman pantheon, st peter's cathedral afterward, turned into a mosque during a muslim invasion justinian's legacy 527-565 reconquered much of old roman empire, untenable, beyond ressurection bankrupted treasury standardized law code set constantinople on trajectory away from rome islamic expansion severely weakened byzantine empire western european germanic kingdoms and papacy further weakened byzantine empire iconoclasm emperor leo III 717-741 breaking of icons pope of rome vs patriarch of constantinople excommunicated each other 1054, schism crusades, 4th crusade took constantinople in 1204 rome ruled constantinople 60 years west/europe vs east/byzantine catholic vs greek orthodox latin vs greek rural vs urban sparsely populated vs heavily populated pope vs patriarch of constantinople/caesaropapism king/emperor vs emperor byzantines continued until 15th century great impact on balkans, bulgaria, and russia moscow == 3rd rome, russian orthodox church - cyrillic alphabet