reading for the midterm 8. sources of the .....conflict 9. sacking of constantinople christianity coming to grips with islamic world saw islam as rival most of middle east was christian, zoroastrian, pagan arabian peninsula always on outskirts of large civilizations, never a big part, mostly desert, largely untouched muhammad 571-632 lower noble in mecca miracle jews and christians in mecca, so he had a familiarity with it midlife, had a vision believed in a somewhat aesthetic lifestyle, somewhat monkish, believed in a god, but not christian or jewish meditated in hills near mecca, vision of gabriel speaking to him, told him that god is displeased with jews and christians, claimed that previously, prophets had come and had been given the task of recording his word and to spread it to the people, gabriel said they had failed, not written wishes correctly old testament was formally recorded in 4th/5th centuries BC, 1K years after events, some stories mistold in that time, gabriel/muhammad there to fix it remained in the cave until he finished writing, writings become quran, began preaching on them in 613AD, most found the teachings troublesome forced to move to medina (yathrib), driven out by ruling class spread of islam begain raiding 623 - jihad (spread faith by force) 630 - mecca fell mohammed died 632 arabia, muslim 633 damascus in 635, persia in 638, armenia 642, egypt 646 constantinople 674, 717-718, 1453 (successful) battle of tours 732 - came up against charles the hammer, defeated, remain in iberian peninsula for 700 years toleration for taxes paid by only christians and jews 5 pillars of islam: must submit to god (allah) mohammed is his prophet, prayer 5 times a day toward mecca (originally toward jerusalem), alms to the poor, fasting during ramadan (a month, fasting during daylight hours), hajj - one pilgrimage to mecca if possible quran aka koran - holy book, correction of everything else other holy books recognized, but a step below koran hadith - way or sayings of prophet, everyday instruction on how to be a good muslim it is a sin to depict mohammed in any way, prevent idol worship of him forbidden to be translated into other languages for fear of mistranslation all korans printed identically after mohammed's death, quandry succession problems abu bakr, unrelated, chosen to succeed 632, becomes caliph, "deputy" umar 634-644 uthman 644-656 meccan elites alienated syria, egypt, iraq ali(fatima) ascended, murdered 661 distrust among successors shia (party of ali) - consider ali the first imam umayyad caliphate mu'awiya, meccan governor of syria, ciliph powerful army centralized caliphate around arab hegemony capital to damascus to france and indus river threatened constantinople spain became center of learning and unsurpassed islamic and jewish scholarship muslim scholarship aristotle translated into arabic in 8th century medicine much more advanced than europe dissection disallowed mathematics almost exclusively arabic into 11th century terms algebra and arabic numerals engineering, city planning, math, philosophy, literature averroes (ibn rushd) 1126-1198 cordoba spain aristotle the commentator double truth one truth for science, another for religion maimonides 1135-1204 jewish rabbi, physician cordoba spain aristotelian philosopher jewish theologian abbasid caliphate abu al abbas rebelled, won 750 umayyad dynasty ended abbasids reigned to 13th century capital to baghdad more cosmopolitan harun al rashid 786-809 made bureacracy professional, international and hereditary 1st islamic golden age harun died 809 - century of problems followed - turks entrenched in army had little power after 10th century ended by mongols 1258, baghdad burned and destroyed, library burned shi'ites emerged late 9th century - caliphs chosen according to strict standards of moral and spiritual worthiness and that they should be chosen from the line of ali, fatimid caliphate sunnis adhered to the sunna, good practice of muhammad and accepted the whole line of caliphs, umayyad and abbasid inherited greek legacy, philosophy, literature, mathematics, social sophistication spain, reconquista, 25% of iberian peninsula christian again spread of seljuk turks 11th century become orthodox muslims take antioch 1070, nomadic asian people defated byzantines 1071 turks disallowed christian pilgrimages to jerusalem 1070 early medieval church - papacy gregory I the great 590-604 founder of medieval papacy proactive arian lombards threatening byzantine army to south created papal states embraced benedictine monasticism frankish kings (merovingians/carolingians) to back him up on the battlefields of europe augustine, first archbishop to britain in kent/canterbury 597 authored good works, penance, purgatory put the catholic church in the hands of the germanic tribes merovingian monarchy 482-751 german tribe clovis 482-511 - largest empire, allied to church of rome, became christian empire divide to clovis' sons brothers and sons fought over succession/lands weakened and fell to stronger carolingians carolingian monarchy 751-911 chrles martel "the hammer" died 741 defeated muslims at tours 732 pepin the short 751-768 crowned king of franks by pope, anointed drove muslims across pyrenees into spain maintained strong military, continued spread of christianity into germany charlemagne 768-814 (charles the great) son of pepin devout christian - 54 campaigns defeated lombards (arians), defeating opposing sects via military conquered central europe aachen emperor of romans in 12/25/800 imperator augustus theocratic monarchy - rule by the church leaders, theocracy, headed by charlemagne pope knelt before him, lay authority has the power, church officials have no problem with that at the moment symbolized fusion of christian church, roman tradition, and german people carolingian renaissance