investiture controversy - pope gregory didn't want church officials to be bought, purify church, fought henry IV on the issue
	henry begged forgiveness, was forgiven
	henry came back and depoped gregory
	antipopes - popes whose authority is questioned
	2 main contenders for power in europe - monarchies and church
	october surprise - description of method often used by presidents to distract people away from an issue
	
spread of seljuk turks
	spain - reconquista - 1100, 25% iberian peninsula christian
	seljuk turks take antioch 1070
	defeat byzantines 1071
	turks forcibly stopped christian pilgrimages 1070
	seljuk turks were xenophobes and orthodox muslim
	
pope urban II
	meeting at clermont, france 1095
	rescue birthplace of jesus
	promised papal support, plenary indulgence
	intentions
		reunite church - investiture
		increase papal prestige
		end east-west schism
		buttress rise of the french nobility
		attempt to reunite europe after the investiture controversy

1st crusade
	1096 - 5K men - french nobles, mostly
	raymond of toulouse, godfrey duke of lorraine, robert curthose-duke of normandy, bohemund of the normans in sicily
	nearly attacked constantinople
	took acre and antioch in syria
	took jerusalem 1099 - massacred everyone
	latin kingdoms created - lasted until 1187

2nd crusade
	called by st bernard of clairvaux 1144 to help latin kingdoms
	louis VII of france and conrad III of germany both went, never reached palestine, defeated in asia minor
	eleanor of aquitaine - wife of louis VII, accused of adultery, divorced, later married henry II of england
	
crusades - saladin's conquest
	sultan of egypt and syria
	consolidated rule in palestine, iraq, egypt, gaza, and syria, 1171-1187
	raynald of chatillon had been raiding muslim caravans and took saladin's sister hostage, returned to saladin in time
	battle of hattin in 1187, saladin defeated christin princes raynald, guy de lusignan, raymond III of tripoli
	raynald beheaded, guy spared
	laid seige to jerusalem and it fell 2 oct 1187