crusades opened europe to a new experience, need to look at this more rise of europe 10th century islamic, byzantine society greater in sophistication, education, culture, engineering with ascension of seljuk turks, "political authority was passing to unsophisticated fanatical puritans who cared nothing for the great achievements of arabic though and who were willing ot listen to the hysterical strictures of the orthodox against philosophy and science" building toward renaissance, enlightenment, age of discovery horse collar, stirrup, water/wind power move into eastern/northern europe why did europe "discover" so many places? forests cleared, swamps filled, field rotation the norm population growth, invention filled in unused lands middle class rising in european cities - venice, london, paris, flanders, milan, genoa, pisa 90% of population were peasants in the feudal system, bound to the land, nearly slaves cultures have not previously had a middle class, usually an oligarchy and the masses lower class began to self-educate in their spare time rise of the middle class and cities outside feudal nobility and clergy merchant and craft guilds entrepreneurship rule by oligarchy/business interest flanders 900-1050 burgs - burghers, bourgeois hated cities tend to function more independently nuremburg had no lord or bishop ruled by business oligarchy often richer than nobles bypassed sophistocation of arabic and byzantine society medieval life drinking and winemaking alcoholic beverages preferred over water nobility drank wine, peasantry drank ale/beer/mead milk was not usually had because it spoiled quickly cereals were the stables bread porridge, gruel, pasta fava beans and vegetables meat was expensive, mostly reserved to nobility hunting was a noble's pursuit, made illegal for peasantry by william the conqueror big on cats to take care of vermin and dogs for hunting health/medicine 500-1300 live expectancy 40 male, 30 female urine exam bloodletting theories of galen dominated infection and pain primary causes of death during surgery used wine as antiseptic and drugs to ease pain often used relics and pilgrimages surgeons were call barbers, seldom examined females and were often feared, banned by church 1130 1139 1st hospital 820, monks/nuns lay hospitals created 12th/13th centuries by 13th century, degree required from university to practice medicine knowledge of anatomy limited because dissection forbidden by church european knowledge of medicine, surgery, disease increased as europe became more exposed to arabs early on, women performed cesarean sections, men took over later midwives supervised births birth control existed, condoms of skin or intestines, coitus interruptus (pulling out), suppositories (diaphram) sexuality menstruation purified female body, seen as toxic, unclean, mysterious - dangerous for men semem viewed as defining purity of male views founded on original sin sex deemed as carnal, dirty, lurid, evil, but necessary, marital sex was rightful use of evil thing chaste marriages occurred church viewed prostitution as necessary/good to prevent buildup of seminal humor towns/kingdoms supported brothels and dictated that prostitutes dress colorfully to distinguish them from reputable women and ladies excess seminal humor thought to make men more aggressive became sin during protestant reformation relics objects thought to have been part of or close to significant christian figures like saints, mary, joseph, apostles, or jesus medieval christians came for miles to see, touch, pray before relics believed they had special healing powers monasteries, churches, cathedrals soon learned that such relics could be a boon to the treasury reliquaries made to house relics examples: breast milk of mary, vials of jesus' blood, pieces of true cross, christ's foreskin, cup of jesus/holy grail, bones of saints/martyrs, fragments of jesus' swaddling cloth, etc shroud of turin linen cloth depicting the duperimposed body of a man with injuries consistent with crucifixion existence first recorded in 14th century may have been taken from constantinople in 1204 during 4th crusade radiocarbondated in 1988 seemed to come from middle ages later found that the portion dated was sewn into linen during middle ages no consensus on image rise of the universities 12,13th centuries trivium quadrivium master's degree doctorates offered in art, law, medicine, theology, 12 or more years of education professors had to compete for students mostly nobles and clergy students lived in very insulated existence, dress code rise of intellectualism and piety 11/12th century renaissance in france's cathedral schools at paris and chartres driven by aristotelianism boethius (480-525) translated some of aristotle's work on logic, commented on aristotle and plato catholic learning based on plato works of averroes and maimonides on aristotle began to filter tinto france from spain johannes scotus 815-877 irish monk was first to be able to translate greek in 9th century, often called father of.... scholastic debates: realism vs nominalism realism platonic realists st anselm reason proved existence of god if ideas are real and god is an idea, then god is real nominalism aristotle's corpus ideas voces-words or nomina, names nominalists ideas not real, thus if they are not real, then god, the greatest ideal, cannot be real god only found through faith scientific method to prove something is real, observation peter abelard (1079-1142) scholar in residence at notredame by 1113 love affair with heloise, ad a son, her father avenged the secret tryst by forced castration in 1126, he became an abbot in brittany, later left and returned to teaching she went to a nunnery, they corresponded for the rest of their lives moderate nominalist, masterdialectical debater flirted with heresy, critical of church attacked the trinity, punished twice in his career and had to recant books: "sic et non" (for and against), "history of my calamities", shows human side of himself, faith comes out john of salisbury (1110 - 1180) sutdied chartres and paris in 1130s wrote becket's biography critic of dialectical education is a moral, not an intellectual pursuit highlighted corruption of society by teaching cicero, livy, virgil, homer, plato, aristotle principles of right conduct in life more important than knowledge 1st true renaissance humanist humanism is the study of the classics (romans and greeks) polycraticus in 1159 - a treatise on the right ordering of political life portrays society as a body - church is the heart, state is the head thomas aquinas (1225-1274) faith vs reason sought to reconcile faith and reason, revelation and rational though "summa theologica" - massive book about all this unifies plato's and aristotle's ideas