scholastic debate, realism vs nominalism realism dualistic, suits religion aristotelianism - ideas don't exist, hence god doesn't exist abbot suger (sue gay) grew up in st. denis built first gothic cathedral meant to create more inspiring place of worship - beauty, sublimity, color, light strong supporter of neoplatonic ideas created gothic style, persisted through middle ages used flying butresses to support building use of gargoyles, used like gutters rise of piety in europe, the cistercians (white monks) france st bernard of clairvaux was an early cistercian asceticism, anchoritic benedictines, cluniancs rich and corrupt 700 monasteries by 1290s became authorities on agriculture, architecture, helped spread water wheel and other tech throughout europe dominicans university teachers, paris ascetic catholicism compatible with science dominic 1216 - secured papal blessing intellectual shock troops 13th century, became lawyers, keepers of scripts ran inquisition courts thomas aquinas focused on educated franciscans started by st francis of assisi 1182-1226 emotional imitation of christ mendicant, healer, friend wandered in italy stigmata no formal rule in francis' lifetime no property, no church priveleges, no land, not ordained became scholarly like dominicans oxford - franciscans paris - dominicans innocent III 1198-1216 apogee of papal power called 4th crusade 1204 albigensian crusade 1209 - killed innocents in languedoc king john interdict 7 years - all english excommunicated allowed francis to start his own order judicial inquisition philip augustus II of france - interdict (all french excommunicated) raised papal army to place holy roman emperor, placed frederick II norman england william the conqueror, kign of england and duke of normandy high taxation - centralized feudal system lay investiture, leige homage, scutage (promise of troops or cash) "that wealthy man, a marvelous buyer and collector of knights" domesday book, 1086 and pipe rolls - treasury log exchequer created - used to be room with big table with shires of england, by 1135, english monarchy decades ahead of the continental kingdoms angevin england henry II 1154-1189 great grandson of william I inherited vast kingdom first of angevins married eleanor of aquitaine duke of aquitaine, anjou, maine, normandy, gascony most powerful prince in northern france strengthened royal courts over feudal and ecclesiastical courts 3 kinds of courts/law royal courts - common law feudal courts - feudal law ecclesiastical courts - cannon law (mostly slaps on the wrist) henry wanted to take religious officals to royal courts, implies it's above common law thomas a'becket 1118-1170 exceedingly talented educated in france not noble, middle class, bourgeois secretary to archbishop of canterbury became close friend of henry II served as chancellor 1154-1162, 2nd most powerful man in england archbishop of canterbury died, becket appointed for control of church ordained 1 june 1162 bishop'ed AM 2 june 1162 archbishop'd PM 2 june 1162 exceedingly insecure (not a noble, not a priest) overcompensated angered henry and other bishops too serious, gregorian outlook began to call henry "my son" wore hair shirt surprised henry henry II vs a'becket 1164 - constitutions of clarendon, rejected by a'becket list of pro-royal rules to which the church would adhere banned appeals to rome without royal permission established a degree of royal jurisdiction over "criminous clerics" who had previously been subject only to cannon law end 1164, henry brough charges becket fled to france for 6 years 1170 - succession controversy archbishop of york instead thomas threatened interdict reconciliation - return to england becket excommunicated bishops, henry II now cranky family against henry II, trying to dethrone henry II "will no one rid me of this turbulent priest" becket murdered 29 dec 1170 - martyred henry II embarrassed henry ceremonially whipped by 80 priests in canterbury rescinded the COC church law more powerful henry was a vassal to louis VII of france louis VII fomented revolt henry, geoffrey, richard the lionheart and john revolted eleanor hated henry II revolts of 1173 and richard and john survived richard I chivalrous, magnificent warrior spent 6 months in england during reign, claimed england was always cold and raining eleanor and john served in his stead philip II augustus of france undermined angevin empire richard died 1199 preferred victory over conquest john I nickname - lackland fight with philip II augustus 1165-1223 papal struggle with innocent III 1198-1216 baronial rebellion fight with france inherited war with philip II married aquitaine princess 1202 treated vassals badly philip II consulted summoned to feudal tribunal, no show errant vassal philip confiscated aquitaine, normandy and anjou by 1204, normandy fully occupied papal confrontation archbishop of canterbury d1205 monks and john disagreed innocent III - stephen langton john rejected langton innocent III excomm john england interdict for 7 years john confiscated church holdings john rescinds in 1213, gave in england made a papal fief (england now owned by papacy) john vowed to crusade to make up for it paid a yearly tribute to the papacy