catholic church weakening after 14th century plague lay investiture in france (babylonian captivity of papacy) great schism (french cardinals/pope vs roman cardinals/pope, 3 at end of great schism) corruption church crisis - william of occam 1288-1348 franciscan and extreme nominalist universals (ideals/god, intellectual symbols) far removed from reality god cannot be known rationally advocated apostolic poverty of the church pope john XXII condemned moderists and occam apostolic poverty of church labeled heretical 1322 even began to question aristotle - precursor to galileo, copernicus, newton john wycliffe 1328-1384 disgusted with clerical corruption no evidence of papal claims in bible - should be stripped of authority and property donatist, pope is antichrist - bible sole authority vernacular - wrote wyclif bible in english condemned pilgrimages, saints lollards were his followers - underground after 1400 helped inspire peasants revolt of 1381 jan hus 1374-1415 czech catholic priest in prague; donatist influenced by wyclif - condomned criminous clerics primacy of scripture, not papacy or church hierarchy papacy too powerful, corrupt - great schism between avignon and rome at its height antipope john XXIII called crusade against king ladislaus of naples, the protector of pope gregory XII to fund crusade, the church needed $$ indulgences raised as an effective revenue source hus denounced indulgences - followers called hussites, taborites and moravians; excommunicated in 1411 summoned to council of constance 1415 burned at stake for heresy the renaissance - rise fo the vernacular dante alighieri 1265-1321 divine comedy 1313-1321 summa theologica mirrored in verse virgil (reason) - leads him through hell purgatory - led by beatrice - romantic ideal, spiritual love heaven - st bernard of clairvaux leads, sees st francis (heart, emotion, faith) and st dominic (reason, intellect) in heaven in the same place wrote Monarchy - papacy should not have temporal authority wrote in italian "father of the italian language" francesco petrarch 1304-1374 first man of letters manuscript hunter and copier italian sonnets - unrequited love (laura) first true professional writer portrayed individualism, emotion, entrepreneurial spirit, success in business as positive giovanni boccaccio 1313-1375 decameron - portrays black death funny, sad, satirical meant to entertain, not educate causes of the renaissance moneyed economies, northern (italy,germany) netherlands, england (banking under d'medici) rise of classics - aristotle, virgil, livy, horace, cicero rise of printing - modern book invented rise of vernacular better communications - roads and horses innovation - horse collar, mills, lateen sails, more trade characteristics humanism - study of classics commercial boom, rise of europe in 12th,13th,14th centuries founded N italy 1350-1550 entrepreneurial centers N itlay banking, artisan, craftsmen guilds competition civic humanism community, civiv patriotism renewed sense of joy, pride intellectual humanism drew strength from roman and greek classics writing to teach and entertain d'medici family - rulers/bankers of florence cosimo d'medici 1434-1464 - great patron, headed banking oligarchy lorenzo the magnificent 1469-1492 individualism is positive business success is positive something else is positive... niccolo machiavelli 1469-1527 wrote The Prince distrusted all ideals ultimate realist - aristotelian necessity and reality drive politics, not morality strove to show things as they are, not as they ought to be perceptual change is the only constant - adaptation is a must maintaining a monopoly of power is the key to good govt strong men are necessary and appropriate - they maintain order men are by nature, bad - politics is by nature, bad pessimistic, realistic erasmus 1466-1536 indifferent to christian theology - scholasticism common sense criticisms of church wrote The Praise of Folly, 1509 attacked worldly clergy encouraged vernacular thomas more 1478-1535 wrote Utopia, 1516 devout catholic envisioned perfect society executed by king henry VIII leonardo da vinci 1452-1519 painted last supper, very different portrayal than usual mona lisa - theories that it's a self portrait in disguise michelangelo 1475-1564 cistene chapel 9 scenes of old testament took 4 years "David" king from old testament renaissance restored man's hope for future solidified vernacular humanism allowed thinkers to restore classical thought mediterranean trade, the crusades, and a higher emphasis on business finance and banking led europeans to explore world wycliffe and hus authored late medieval criticisms of the holy catholic church nations emerging from medieval, feudal kingdoms church claimed to have found tomb of peter and pope julius II in 1505 he announced that he woud build another basilica on that site to be called st peter's construction took 120 years and 21 popes and lots of $$ got $$ through indulgences martin luther took issue with indulgences and stuck it to the man