Alexander the Great - 356-323BC, follow father's footsteps and drive away persians, gordian knot, routinely defeated larger armies, messed up darius III Virgil - wrote "The Aeneid", story of a trojan who traveled to italy and became the ancestor of the romans Plato - 429-347BC, real vs ideal, wrote "The Republic", started The Academy Aristotle - 384-322BC, plato's greatest pupil, tutored alexander the great, Lyceum, scientific method Saint Peter - apostle Augustus (octavian) Caesar - grand nephew/adopted son of julius, hunted and killed brutus and cassius, proconsul for life -> first emperor, emphasized public Jesus of Nazareth Paul of Tarsus - 13th apostle, aka saul disappeared from rome with peter around 60AD Rise of Christianity - was helped along by incorporation of pagan rituals and holidays Fall of Rome - Arianism - founded by arian, neoplatonic, rejected trinity, jesus man, so lesser than god Nicene Creed - those that agreed about jesus being divine, homogeneous sect Council of Nicaea - 325 AD, bishops established that jesus was divine, rooted out sects that did not agree (arians) Constantine the Great - rejected many of diocletian's reforms, converted to christianity Eusebius - baptized constantine, bishop, against pagans Bishop Ambrose of Milan - governor of milan, made bishop, forced emperor to repent for massacre of jews Pope Leo I the Great - bishop of rome from 440-461, claimed he was the best bishop, petrine theory, council of chalcedon St. Augustine of Hippo - 354-430, most influential, wrote "confessions" and "the city of god", argued for christianity, rome fell because it had served it's purpose The City of God, Confessions - written by hippo... Platonic Dualism - ideal vs real Council of Chalcedon - 451, lots meet to discuss how to make church more codified, organized, homogeneous, nature of bishops in mediterranean Neoplatonism - same as regular platonic? Battle of Tours 732 - muslims came up against charles the hammer, defeated, remained in iberian peninsula for 700 years Cenobitic & Anchoritic Monasticism - anchoritic, solitary, punishment - cenobitic, communal Benedict of Nursia - started benedictine monasticism, started as anchorite, found it selfish, founded many monestaries St. Simeon Stylites - those anchoritic monks that choose to live on a pillar, simeon was the first Benedictine Monasticism - community serving monasticism, teaching Scriptorium - that thing with scripts in it Clovis - 482-511, largest empire, allied to church of rome, became christian Theodosius - made rome christian, cannon law higher, paganism punished by death, christian ethics in law code Pope Gregory I - founder of papacy, embraced benedictine monasticism, created papal states, started to convert germanic tribes Augustine of Canterbury - first archbishop to britain in kent/canterbury 597, converted king ethelbert Charles Martel - the hammer, defeated muslims at tours Pepin the Short - son of martel, crowned king of franks by pope, drove muslims across pyrenees, strong military, spread christianity Charlemagne - son of pepin, 54 campaigns against other religions, defeated lombards, emperor of romans Carolingian Renaissance - charlemagne's efforts to fuse roman, german, christian identities for posterity Spread of Islam - jihad, toleration tax, quran/koran Five Pillars of the Muslim Faith - submit to god/allah with muhammad as prophet, prayer 5 times a day toward mecca, alms to the poor, hajj, fasting during ramadan Muhammad - allah's prophet Ramadan - week of fasting in islam Vikings, Magyars - seafaring peoples, polytheistic, mythology, began raiding 700-800, settled in britain Venerable Bede - scholar/monk in northumbria, ecclesiastical history of english nation, sophisticate Gregorian Revolution - nicolaitism, simony, lay investiture removed from church as much as possible, east/west schism St. Jerome, Latin Vulgate - used classical education to present christianity, applied pagan teachings William of Normandy - consolidated rule in normandy, made normandy independent of king of france, power by lay investiture, leige homage, cavalry, greedy, heir to english throne Battle of Hastings, 1066 - william defeats edward the confessor and takes throne of england Justinian 527-565 - emperor of eastern roman empire, one state, one church, one law, built hagia sophia Corpus Juris Civilis - justinian code, christianized roman law code Hagia Sophia - large domed structure, one of the first and the largest for a long time, converted to a mosque during a muslim invasion Petrine Theory - authored by leo I the great, peter was 1st bishop of rome, above other bishops Gelasian Dualism - spiritual vs temporal, by pope gelasius Otto the Great (936-973) - saxon duke, visionary, crowned aachen, foundation of german civilization Theocratic Monarch - rule by church leaders Lay investiture - appointment of church positions by secular power Advocacy - pursuit of influencing outcomes Cluniac Monasticism - benedictines to the extreme, black robes, good chorus, very ornamental monasteries Ecclesiastical homage - upper clergy pledging loyalty to the king, gets them land Dictatus Papae - dictates of the pope Simony - purchase of church offices (instead of appointment) Nicolaitism - marrying of church officials Pope Gregory VII - excommunicated henry IV a couple of times, eventually forced to flee from henry, Henry IV of Germany - excersized power against papacy to prove authority Excommunication & Interdict - prevent a person or country respectively from receiving the sacraments, thereby condemning them to hell Concordat of Worms, 1122 - conflict involving lay investiture The Crusades 1-4 & Effects - back and forth between muslims and christians 1st (by french nobles around 1096, took jerusalem, created latin kingdoms) 2nd (around 1144, most failed, never reached goal of palestine) 3rd (around 1190, frederick I of barbarossa killed) 4th (called by innocent III in 1204) Saladin - sultan of egypt and syria, consolidate rule of palestine, iraq, egypt, gaza, syria, causing 3rd crusade Phillip II Augustus - some disputes with innocent III that cause interdict of france, squabbles with richard I and john I of england Richard I the Lion Heart - spent all his time fighting away from england, chivalrous/magnificent fighter, victory over conquest King John of England - aka lackland, fight with philip II, fight with innocent III, baronial rebellion, forced to sign magna carta Magna Carta - "to no one will we sell, deny, or delay rights of justice.", king to observe law of the land, follow "due processes of common law", king subject to consent of "community of the realm" Pope Innocent III - 1198-1216, apogee of papal power, fight with john I over power, called 4th crusade, created papal army and placed HRE, made england into a papal fief Feudalism - Liege Homage - vassal pledges absolute loyalty to one lord Vassals & Lords - land granted to vassals by lords in exchange for a portion of proceeds Manorial System - feudal society, vassals and lords, peasants tied to land and lord Urban II - started crusades, end schism, put down french nobility, reunite europe King Henry II England - 1154-1189, first angevin, duke of aquitaine/anjou/maine/normandy/gascony, most powerful prince in northern france, strengthened common law against church Thomas a'Becket - friend to henry, appointed to archbishop of canterbury, overachiever and so did better job than previous one, pissed off henry, accidentally killed by henry's men during an attempted capture Growth of Universities - mostly during 12th/13th centuries, many sprouted, offered masters degree, doctorates available in art/law/medicine/theology, took 12 years at least Bourgeoisie - middle class Growth of Cities - Gothic Architecture - ornate, flying buttresses, gargoyles Romanesque Architecture - St. Thomas Aquinas - 1225-1274, faith vs reason, wrote "summa theologica", unified plato's and aristotle's ideas Summa Theologica - work about reconciling faith and reason Parliament - Philip IV the Fair - 1285-1314, taxed french clergy, deposed and siezed pope boniface VIII, began babylonian captivity of papacy Albigensian Heretics - innocents living in languedoc, massacred in albigensian crusade Louis IX of France - 1461-1483, implemente taille/permanent tax, absorbed brittany and burgundy Jacquerie - peasant revolt in france, during black death and taille Holy Roman Empire - became germany House of Hohenstaufen - line of rulers of HRE after salians Frederick Barbarossa - first in line of hohenstaufen rulers 100 Years War Causes - english norman kings controlled land in france, resented by french kings, weakness of john presented an oppurtunity Events first part - battles of sluys (sea, 1340) and crecy (french decimated by welsh peasantry wielding longbow, 1346), edward captured calais second part - john captured at battle of poitiers 1356, charles V reclaimed most of france using guerilla tactics, 1380, english had only calais/aquitaine third part - battle of agincourt (small english group beat big french force, too lots, 1415), treaty of troyes (soon to be son would be heir to both thrones, 1420) fourth part - joan of arc emerges, pushes french army/dauphine to break siege of orleans 1429, joan executed 1431, paris refrenched 1436, normandy refrenched 1453 Results - exhaustion of both countries, loss of the prowess of knights due to archers and new weaponry like cannon and muskets, increase in war tech overall Joan of Arc - inspiration to the french, helped remove the seige of orleans, captured by burgundians in 1430 and executed by english in 1431 Longbow - large bow with long range and decent accuracy made of yew trees Frederick II Hohenstaufen - 1215-1250, wonder of the world, megalomaniac, crowned HRE, caesar, family assassinated by papacy The Black Death - disease, plague, bubonic and pneumonic Henry V of England - ruled during 100 years war, signed treaty of troyes in 1420 Edward III of England - ruled during beginning of 100 years war Thomas More Utopia - 1478-1535, means good place also, place that doesn't exist, devout catholic, envisioned perfect society, executed by henry VIII Erasmus of Rotterdam - 1466-1536, common sense criticisms of church, attacked worldly clergy, encouraged use of vernacular in church, wrote The Praise of Folly The Inquisition - 1478, jews and muslims expelled from spain Unam Sanctum - 1302, everyone subject to papal authority Pope Boniface VIII - deposed and siezed by philip IV, died 1303 Wat Tyler and John Ball - led peasant's revolt in england, 1381, over taxes, wage ceilings, and desire for freedom Machiavelli, The Prince - distrusted all ideals, ulitmate realist, men/politics are by nature, bad Boccaccio - 1313-1375, wrote decameron portraying black death as funny, meant to entertain Aristotelianism - those that followed aristotle's teachings, realism Humanism - study of classics Dante's Divine Comedy - summa theologica in verse form, reconciling faith and reason Peter Abelard History of My Calamities - 1079-1142, castrated because of affair, critical of church, attacked trinity, book shows his human side and faith Sic et Non - literally "for and against", rules for reconciling contradictions by church officials Petrarch - 1304-1374, archived copies of manuscripts, first professional writer, individualism, entrepreneurial spirit, emotion Scholasticism - indifference to christian theology Realists vs. Nominalists - plato vs aristotle William of Occam - extreme nominalist, god cannot be known rationally Leonardo da Vinci - inventor, artist, painted last supper and mona lisa Wars of the Roses - lancasters vs yorks, lancasters won and became the house of tudor Cistercians - anchoritic monks, rejected corrupt benedictines and cluniancs, spread tech and knowledge Dominicans, St. Dominic - university teachers, lawyers, ran inquisition courts Franciscans, St. Francis of Assisi - emotional imitation of christ, became scholarly like dominicans John of Salisbury - education is a moral pursuit, first renaissance humanist The Renaissance, causes & examples D'Medicis - rulers/bankers of florence Michelangelo - artist, did cistene chapel, david John Wyclif - disgusted with clerical corruption, no evidence of papal claims in bible, should be stripped of authority, followers were lollards John Hus - influenced by wyclif, denounced indulgences Henry VII of England House of Tudor Gutenberg's Printing Press Ferdinand, Isabella of Spain Reconquista ESSAY Dates, Context, FACTS Make an Outline Trace the growth of the Papacy through the middle ages beginning with the reign of Pope Leo the Great and ending with Pope Boniface VIII. Explain how and why the Papacy became so powerful giving specific examples of Church doctrine and political actions that defined the power of the Papacy during the Middle Ages. Chronologically trace the progression of Platonic philosophy from inception to the Scholastic Debate of 12th-13th Century Europe. It became the conceptual basis of the Medieval Latin Church. How and why? real vs ideal, platonism -> neoplatonism, separated man into spirit and body, ideal as god, separated europe into monarchies vs papacy, led to outlaw of lay investiture, nicolaitism, and simony, pope elected only by college of cardinals, ideal better than real, to be strived for, Explain the events of the Fourteenth Century and how they affected European Society. List cultural, religious, social, military and political events and explain their significance. Provide a thorough explanation why the Roman Empire fell. Social, economic, military, dynastic, political and cultural reasons could be provided. economic collapse and decentralization inner turmoil cessation of outward expansion overtaxation rise of christianity invasions depopulation of rural areas infants being sold into slavery tight municipal oversight by central government public resentment of the military via overtaxation weakened defense loss of territory economic downturn feedback loops creating other problems Explain the causes, main events and effects of the 100 Years' War. Causes - english norman kings controlled land in france, resented by french kings, weakness of john presented an oppurtunity Events first part - battles of sluys (sea, 1340) and crecy (french decimated by welsh peasantry wielding longbow, 1346), edward captured calais second part - john captured at battle of poitiers 1356, charles V reclaimed most of france using guerilla tactics, 1380, english had only calais/aquitaine third part - battle of agincourt (small english group beat big french force, too lots, 1415), treaty of troyes (soon to be son would be heir to both thrones, 1420) fourth part - joan of arc emerges, pushes french army/dauphine to break siege of orleans 1429, joan executed 1431, paris refrenched 1436, normandy refrenched 1453 Results - exhaustion of both countries, loss of the prowess of knights due to archers and new weaponry like cannon and muskets, increase in war tech overall