essays discuss fall of roman empire, 4-7 reasons, possibility of economic, political, social, military, intellectual east/west split monetary devaluation dole (handouts and circuses to keep the masses entertained became more common) many conquered peoples who never adopted the roman culture corruption of officials emperor losing power to religious officials religious fracturing compare/contrast roles of women in athens/sparta during golden age of greece, use political, social, cultural, and religious reasons spartan women had power, status, respect, could own land and care for land of family while they were at war, could wear what they wished and do what they pleased athenian women wore heavy, concealing clothing and were forced to marry their nearest male relative if they became an heiress compare/contrast greek city-states of athens/sparta, use military, religious, social (roles of women^), cultural, political sparta athens military literature segregated cosmopolitan authoritarian democracy women powerful women had no power shared many religious (athena major diety), ethical beliefs often at war (being a warrior was part of manhood for both) had an aristocracy had slaves explain how/why christianity spread initially and how it thrived while the roman empire was falling apart, use social, tech, cultural, religious facts appealed to women/poor/underpriveleged incorporated some holidays and traditions of pagan religion like easter and took over pagan temples monasticism church officials gained power while the emperor lost it sins forgiven similarity to other recent monotheistic cults adoption of patron saints to replace pagan gods crap to know: Oriental Despotism - monarcy is divine Spread of Hellenism Alexandria - on nile delta, one of many cities named after alexander the great Ptolemaic Monarchies - controlled egypt after alexander died and his empire broke up Plebeians - poor in rome who had little power Patricians - nobles/aristocrats Twelve Tables - setup by plebeians in 450BC, written roman law code Tribunes - political representatives for plebeians Slavery in Rome - mostly from conquered territories that didn't submit Gladiatorial Games - uses to placate the masses The Roman Dole - bread and circus to make the poor dependent and preoccupied The Legion - military units of rome, often used to take control of rome itself The Senate - around 300, lawmaking body, term is life Consuls - 2 leaders selected by the senate, ruled jointly, usually patrician generals Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus - grandsons of scipio africanus, populares, gaius assassinated for attempts, tiberius committed suicide Optimates vs. Populares - populares favored plebeians, optimates hated them Sulla - optimate, marched on rome to take control form marius Marius - fled to africa after sulla came after him, returned to displace sulla and octavian, consul Crassus - created fire brigade, massively rich, land, mines, etc, consul, helped destroy spartacus and other escaped gladiators, marched on rome upon return with pompey Pompey - also helped destroy spartacus and others, marched on rome Julius Caesar - related to marius' wife, married cinna's daughter, populare, pontifex maximus, consul, first triumvirate, 1st Triumvirate - group of 3 consuls consisting of julius caesar, crassus, magnus Marc Antony - part of 2nd triumvirate, moves to egypt to be with cleopatra, loses favor, commits suicide Octavian/Augustus Caesar - grand nephew/adopted son of julius, hunted and killed brutus and cassius, proconsul for life -> first emperor, emphasized public Roman Republic vs. Roman Empire - taking of power by octavian Marcus Lepidus - part of second triumvirate 2nd Triumvirate - antony, lepidus, octavian Virgil "The Aeneid" - story of a trojan who traveled to italy and became the ancestor of the romans Seneca - stoic philosopher, tutor/advisor to nero Horace - leading roman lyric poet during octavian's time Livy - roman historian, recorded history of rome and roman people Tacitus "Germania" - description of culture of germanic tribes Cleopatra - egyptian queen, uncified antony Carthage/Punic Wars - wars between rome and carthage, mostly over territory, rome finally won Roman Foreign Policy - citizenship limited, allies provided military help, municipalities provided goods and taxes Praetorian Guard - protected the emperor, sometimes chose not to... Latifundia - massive estates acquired from bankrupted land of soldiers at war Nobiles - nobles, aristocrats Paterfamilias - families headed by the father, most of roman society Marcus Aurelius - stoic, last of good emperors, great pestilence, empire faultered after it passed to his son commodus Hadrian - built pantheon, traveler, stabilized local govts, arts patron, beautified cities Trajan - man of tolerance and courtesy, balanced mind, soldier, took dacia, took arabia, fought partian empire, restored rome's old spirit Roman Religion - first pagan, then officially christian Mystery Cults - mithraic, others, practice or observation only by initiates Isis & Mithras - cults similar to christianity involving monotheism Spread of Christianity - fast, helped by incorporation of cult holidays and themes Jesus of Nazareth - messaih, savior of christian religion, son of god, etc Sadducees - aristocratic, priestly class, written law is only authority, temple central, no afterlife/spirituality Pharisees - opposed to priestly cult of temple, stressed faith in one god, law of moses and oral tradition of prophets, strict observance of jewish law, encouraged debate, synagogue as alt to temple Essenes - jewish monks at qumran, waiting for messiah/christos, believed to be priest Simon Peter & Paul - apostles The Four Gospels - matthew, mark, luke, john, canonical texts describing the life of jesus New Testament & The Canon - Jewish rebellions 66-70AD - over taxes, herod's temple destroyed, start of anti-semitism Masada - mountain fortress that jews escaped to Diocletian & Tetrarchy - defeated barbarians, reconstituted empire, divided it into tetrarchy, froze prices Constantine Constantinople - rejected many of diocletian's reforms, christian, religious toleration Council of Nicaea 325 AD - bishops established that jesus was divine, rooted out sects that did not agree (arians) Nicene Creed - those that agreed about jesus being divine, homogeneous sect Reasons for Fall of Rome - east/west split, monetary devaluation, dole, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks - germanic tribes, french, wars, battles Vandals, Huns, Jutes, Saxons, Angles - ethnic groups in northern europe and england Arius - Arianism - jesus not divine, son of god, not part of god Gnosticism - jesus divine, good/light, bad/dark, book of john, questioned necessity of bishops, denounced Donatism - north african, bishops must be holy Neoplatonism - duality, ideal vs real Epicureanism - highest good is happiness found in pleasure, gain pleasure/avoid pain, prudence, cardinal virture is moderation Stoicism - brotherhood of man, virtue, honor Bishop of Rome - highest power, became pope Gelasian Dualism - spiritual vs temporal, by pope gelasius St. Ambrose of Milan - governor of milan, made bishop, forced emperor to repent for massacre of jews St. Augustine of Hippo - influential, neoplatonic, justified sacking of rome City of God, Confessions - written by augustine St. Jerome, Latin Vulgate - used classical education to present christianity, applied pagan teachings Eusebius, Life of Constantine - bishop, historian, baptized constantine, against pagans Theodosius - made rome christian, clergy immune to imperial law, christian ethics into roman law, massacred jews Pope Leo I the Great - bishop, petrine theory, talked atilla the hun out of attacking rome Petrine Theory - peter was 1st bishop Platonic Dualism - mind vs body Council of Chalcedon 451 - discussion of how to make church more homogeneous Battle of Tours 732 - charles the hammer defeated muslims Cenobitic & Anchoritic Monasticism - communal and community serving (benedictine) vs alone with self-punishment St. Simeon Stylites - those anchoritic monks that choose to live on a pillar, simeon was the first Benedict of Nursia - started as anchorite, found it selfish, founded many monestaries, benedictine monasticism Benedictine Monasticism - type of cenobitic, poverty, chastity, obedience Scriptorium - library keeper, holy scripts Clovis - merovingian monarchy, converted to christianity, major win for church Pope Gregory I - embraced benedictine monasticism, created papal states, started to convert germanic tribes Augustine of Canterbury - first archbishop to britain Charles Martel - the hammer, defeated muslims at tours, franks Pepin the Short - son of martel, king of franks, anointed, continued spread of christianity to germans Charlemagne - charles le magne, son of pepin, defeated lombards, many campaigns against other religions, emperor of romans Carolingian Renaissance - effort of charlemagne to fuse christian, german, roman cultures Spread of Islam - jihad, spread by force, had constanople for a long time Five Pillars of the Muslim Faith - must submit to god (allah) and acknowledge that mohammud is his prophet, prayer 5 times a day toward mecca, alms to the poor, fasting during ramadan, hajj - one pilgrimage to mecca if possible Muhammad - prophet to allah, corrected old testament Ramadan - month of fasting during daylight hours Umayyad Caliphate - had a powerful army, moved capital to damascus, threatened constantinople Abbasid Caliphate - moved capital to baghdad, more cosmopolitan, 1st golden age, professional/international/heriditary bureaucracy, baghdad eventually burned Fatimid Caliphate - caliphs must be related to ali through his daughter, chosen on strict moral and spiritual worthiness, shi'ites Shia vs. Sunni Islam - sunni accept whole line of caliphs, adhere to sunna(good practice written by mohammad) Maimonides - jewish rabbi/physician/theologian in cordoba, spain, aristotelian philosopher Averroes - the commentator, double truth (one for science, one for religion), studied aristotle, also in cordoba, spain, muslim Cordoba, Spain - location of averroes and maimonides, place of muslim scholarship Vikings - race of warriors that conquered and settled in england, eventually driven back Magyars - defeated by otto the great Venerable Bede - scholar/monk in northumbria, ecclesiastical history of english nation, sophisticate Gregorian Revolution - William of Normandy - consolidated rule in normandy, made normandy independent of king of france, power by lay investiture, leige homage, cavalry, greedy, heir to english throne Battle of Hastings, 1066 - Justinian 527-565 - emperor of eastern roman empire, one state, one church, one law, built hagia sophia Corpus Juris Civilis - justinian code, christianized roman law code Hagia Sophia - large domed structure, one of the first and the largest for a long time, converted to a mosque during a muslim invasion Otto the Great (936-973) - saxon duke, visionary, crowned aachen, foundation of german civilization Theocratic Monarchy - rule by church leaders