parties actors, incumbent and primary opposer are most important labour - 1997, 2005 tories/conservatives - current shadow party liberal democrats Wales - more autonomy Scotland - independence England - N Ireland Unionist - protestant (generally) Republicans - catholic (generally) Sinn Fein discipline in power 1979-1990 - leadership of margret thatcher (not from wealthy family) laissez-faire economy, neo-liberal critic of welfare system reduction of gov't where not effective compared to ronald reagan often wanted corporal punishment decrim homosexuality 1990-1997 - John Major, also not from a wealthy background wanted to come up with a citizen's charter (guarantee of services) rejected good bit of european-wide standards in favor of working on race relations 1997-2007 - Tony Blair, labour party, wealthy background credited with creating new labour party still liberal, but close to center, go with EU stuff for welfare whatnot supported Iraq war, this is undoing of Blair since no WMDs are found 2007- - Gordon Brown, middle/upper class family, father minister, labour, low key democracy education law and order leaders crises - parties poorly defined political culture - social classes security uses winner-take-all system (FPTP/pluralist), result is 2 primary parties with minor third parties (similar to the US system) party whips keep the parties in line, so every tends to follow the party lines unless they just don't care about keeping their jobs