russia
pre-revolutionary history
leaders

tsarist russia
	consider isolation
	romanov selection
		religious and political leader
		last tsarist family to control russia
		chosen nearly democratically in 1600s
		has significant control and consults with nobles, all laws must be enforced everywhere
	low tech control through administration
	popular discontent
		serfs 1861
			emancipated by tsar
			previously, serfs tied to land
			nearly 40% of the population
			serfs become poor peasants
		discontent 1905 - nobility that doesn't have much of a voice
			1st duma
			economic reform
		WW1
			decide war is the way to kick up economy and conquer land
			consolidation of public support
			loses to japan
			man deaths
			clear loss, war debts
	1917 end

hardcore nationalism
	live in russia
	speak russian
	use russian alphabet
	share national religion
	
secret police started by tsars
exile to siberia also started by tsars
export dissidents, but keep them under control
limit laws and rules of local government

lenin: 1917-24
persecuted for dissent, sent to siberia for some time
goes to europe for a while and studies with marxists on how to build society
architect of russian revolution
sets up political institutions that don't start as very totalitarian, but become that way under stalin

soviet institutions
party
	all union party congress
	central committee
	politburo - in charge of bureaucracy
	general secretary
state
	legislature
	executive
		pres is symbolic until 1964
		council of ministers
			like cabinet, similar to politburo
economy
	lenin's new economic policy
	stalin's 5yr plans
	gosplan

very restricted voting for gov't offices with candidates chosen by government
under lenin, private land, decide what you want to do
only get big industries under state control
stalin wants to control EVERYTHING - all collectivized
gosplan - centralized planning, no more forced collectivization, controls everything from paperclips to rockets, forgot toothbrushes one year...
makes sure necessities stay cheap, rent, bread, milk, etc
other items get expensive to offset cheap stuff

stalin 1927-1953
not his real name
rude and abrasive compared to lenin
really used position to establish patronage/loyalty
known for great purges and famine in late 20s, early 30s
reasons for famine:
	forced collectivization in rural areas, starved to death
	redistribution
	refusal to admit there is a problem
	massive censorship so that no one knows there is a famine
	failed crops
	
wipes out certain places
many died between the purges and famines - on order of millions